Preprint / Version 1

The Cultural Representation and Career Success of Muslim Women in the U.S. in the 21st Century

##article.authors##

  • Rimsha Syed

Keywords:

Muslim women, United States, Racism, Islamophobia, Inclusion, Stereotypes

Abstract

Muslim women, who have often had their voices silenced, have gone from invisible to highly visible in recent years in the United States. This shift has increased stereotypes and fed many tropes to disempower Muslim women. Still, Muslim American women have succeeded in many major industries, including sports, politics, fashion, arts, and journalism. Unfortunately, they often face discrimination like racism and Islamophobia due to inaccurate media representations and stereotypes. This treatment of Muslim women in prominent American industries is unexpected based on their socioeconomic status. More accurate media representations are needed to counteract the discriminatory acts that stem from misconceptions about the Muslim community and, in particular, about Muslim women. I will highlight that even though they are so successful, Muslim American women are treated unjustly in their respective fields, whether in sports, modeling, or numerous other industries. Regarding the methodology for this paper, these women’s experiences, representations, and the overall impact they have left in their fields will be analyzed by reading biographies and scientific articles and assessing how they still face discrimination.

References or Bibliography

Abdelkader, E. (2017). A comparative analysis of European Islamophobia: France, UK, Germany, Netherlands, and Sweden. UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law, 16. https://doi.org/10.5070/n4161038735

About | Representative Ilhan Omar. (n.d.). Ilhan Omar: Minnesota's 5th District. Retrieved June 7, 2022, from https://omar.house.gov/about

Adams, S. (n.d.). Arab and Muslim women in American Entertainment Media: A qualitative ... Retrieved June 11, 2022, from https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2217&context=gs_rp

Aden, H. (n.d.). Halima Aden | Speaker | TED. Www.ted.com. Retrieved June 9, 2022, from https://www.ted.com/speakers/halima_aden

Ali, D. (Ed.). (2019, March 8). Rep. Ilhan Omar's challenges and controversies - a timeline of events. The Haute Take Hijab Fashion Blog. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://blog.hautehijab.com/post/rep-ilhan-omars-challenges-and-challenges-a-timeline-of-events

Ali, I. (2015). The harem fantasy in nineteenth-century Orientalist paintings. Dialectical Anthropology, 39(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-015-9372-7

Bellis, M. (2019, August 23). The history of sports. ThoughtCo. Retrieved December 18, 2022, from https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-sports-1992447#:~:text=The%20documented%20history%20of%20sports

Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics. In Google Books. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=MVRuDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=American+politics+&ots=W8inAmHAle&sig=6L9CFmOeam-arN3hKrEMtguD5-8#v=onepage&q=American%20politics&f=false

BookTrust. (2020, May 12). 'I didn't see myself in children's books': Olympian ibtihaj muhammad on writing for kids. BookTrust. Retrieved December 19, 2022, from https://www.booktrust.org.uk/news-and-features/features/2020/may/i-didnt-see-myself-in-childrens-books-olympian-ibtihaj-muhammad-on-writing-for-kids/

Bridge Initiative Team. (2022, January 5). 2021 Islamophobia in Review: United States - Bridge Initiative. Bridge Initiative. Retrieved June 10, 2022, from https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/2021-islamophobia-in-review-united-states/

Cornell University Press. (n.d.). Xenophobia at the Roots of US Foreign Policy. Cornell University Press. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/xenophobia-at-the-roots-of-us-foreign-policy/

Equality for Women in the Olympics. (n.d.). Feminist Majority Foundation. Retrieved June 8, 2022, from

https://feminist.org/our-work/education-equity/gender-equity-in-athletics/equality-for-women-in-the-olympics/

Fadel, M. H. (2017, August 3). Obama, the Democratic Party, and Islamophobia. SSRC The Immanent Frame. Retrieved June 9, 2022, from https://tif.ssrc.org/2016/12/07/obama-and-islamophobia/

Fandy, M. (2014, May 7). Islamists and U.S. policy. Institute for Policy Studies. Retrieved December 19, 2022, from https://ips-dc.org/islamists_and_us_policy/

FAQS on U.S. Islamophobia & Israel Politics Network against ... Jewish Voice for Peace. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://jewishvoiceforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Network-Against-Islamophobia-FAQ.pdf

Hall, M. (2018, July 27). Ibtihaj Muhammad: 'being made to feel different is what makes it all the more difficult'. The Guardian. Retrieved December 19, 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jul/27/ibtihaj-muhammad-fencing-hijab-olympics

Hartig, H., & Doherty, C. (2021, September 2). Two decades later, the enduring legacy of 9/11. Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy. Retrieved December 19, 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/09/02/two-decades-later-the-enduring-legacy-of-9-11/

Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Caring labor: an archive. Retrieved December 19, 2022, from https://caringlabor.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/the-managed-heart-arlie-russell-hochschild.pdf

Ilhan for Congress. (2021). About - Ilhan for Congress. Ilhan for Congress.

https://ilhanomar.com/about/

Muslim travel ban. Immigration History. (2020, April 20). Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://immigrationhistory.org/item/muslim-travel-ban/

Janicke, S. H. (2016, April 27). How Positive Media Can Make Us Better People. Greater Good Magazine: Science-Based Insights for a Meaningful Life. https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_positive_media_can_make_us_better_people

Kitchens, S. (2017, August 3). Halima Aden is taking over the beauty universe just by being herself. Glamour. Retrieved December 19, 2022, from https://www.glamour.com/story/halima-aden-beauty

Koehler, J. (2021, April 19). Economy, Not Misogyny, Drives Unequal Pay in Sports. The Telescope: Palomar College's Independent Newspaper. https://www.palomar.edu/telescope/2021/04/19/economy-not-misogyny-drives-unequal-pay-in-sports-2/

Kuruvilla, C. (2018, July 24). Olympian Ibtihaj Muhammad Opens Up About Her Struggles With Anxiety. HuffPost. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/olympian-ibtihaj-muhammad-opens-up-about-her-struggles-with-anxiety_n_5b576695e4b0fd5c73c97992

Library of Congress. (n.d.). U.S. Constitution - Fourteenth Amendment | Resources | Constitution Annotated | Congress.gov | Library of Congress. Constitution Annotated. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-14/

Mohamed, B. (2021, September 1). Muslims are a growing presence in U.S., but still face negative views from the public. Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 19, 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/01/muslims-are-a-growing-presence-in-u-s-but-still-face-negative-views-from-the-public/

Muhammad, I. (2018). Proud : living my American dream. Little, Brown And Company. Nickson, D., & Warhurst, C. (2001). Looking Good, Sounding Right: Style Counselling in the New Economy. Industrial Society. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290946557_Looking_Good_Sounding_Right_Style_Counselling_in_the_New_Economy

Paules, G. F. (1991). Dishing it Out: Power and Resistance Among Waitresses in a New Jersey Restaurant. Temple University Press. https://books.google.cg/books?id=BDa1j4qZtLQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false

Record, K. L., & Austin, S. B. (2016). “Paris Thin”: A Call to Regulate Life-Threatening Starvation of Runway Models in the US Fashion Industry. American Journal of Public Health, 106(2), 205–206. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2015.302950

Sauers, J. (2017, November 6). Why Model Halima Aden Refuses to Remove Her Hijab for Fashion. Harper's BAZAAR. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a13127587/halima-aden-hijab-model/

Thompson, P., Warhurst, C., & Callaghan, G. (2001, November). Ignorant Theory and Knowledgeable Workers: Interrogating the Connections between Knowledge, Skills and Services. Journal of Management Studies, pp. 923-942. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00266

Toft, D. (2011, August 11). Sports sponsors overwhelmingly favour men over women. Play the Game. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://www.playthegame.org/news/sports-sponsors-overwhelmingly-favour-men-over-women/

Van Es, Margaretha A. (2017, July 26). “Muslim Women as ‘Ambassadors’ of Islam: Breaking Stereotypes in Everyday Life.” Identities, vol. 26, no. 4, 2017, pp. 375–392., https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289x.2017.1346985

Warwick Institute for Employment Research. (n.d.). Aesthetic Labour. Warwick. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/ier/glacier/learning/identities/al/

Wigley, R. (2021, May 20). Male vs female professional sports salary comparison. Adelphi University Online. Retrieved December 18, 2022, from https://online.adelphi.edu/articles/male-female-sports-salary/

Wissinger, E. (2012). Managing the semiotics of skin tone: Race and aesthetic labor in the fashion modeling industry. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 33(1), 125–143. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254089242_Managing_the_semiotics_of_skin_tone_Race_and_aesthetic_labor_in_the_fashion_modeling_industry

Women's Sports Foundation. (2016, September 2). Title IX and the Rise of Female Athletes in America. Women's Sports Foundation. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/education/title-ix-and-the-rise-of-female-athletes-in-america/

Zaru, D. (2021, September 27). After quitting the fashion industry, supermodel Halima Aden is back -- this time, on her own terms. ABC News. Retrieved December 19, 2022, from https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Style/quitting-fashion-industry-supermodel-halima-aden-b%20ack-time/story?id=80086345

Downloads

Posted

03-16-2023

Categories