Restoring Sight
A Review On Various Treatments
Keywords:
Restoring Sight, Treatments, ReviewAbstract
Close to 3.66 percent of the global population is visually impaired, but modern medicine has yet to offer a completely effective cure for vision loss. The diversity in eye diseases has divided research, but a variety of promising therapies are currently in trial stages. Based on a review of literature on eye function, eye diseases, and therapies for blindness, this paper aims to investigate the potential treatments for vision impairment and blindness. While each therapy demonstrates potential for further improvement, the progress made thus far provides a glimmer of hope for visually impaired individuals.
References or Bibliography
[Abo13] About retinitis pigmentosa. https://www.genome.gov/
Genetic-Disorders/Retinitis-Pigmentosa, 2013.
[Ama14] Amacrine cell. https://www.imaios.com/en/e-Anatomy/
Anatomical-Parts/Amacrine-cell, 2014.
[AMD18] Raising amd awareness in your patients.
https://www.eyepromise.com/blog/doctors/
raising-amd-awareness-in-your-patients/, 2018.
[AMD21] Age-related macular degeneration. https://www.nei.nih.gov/
learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/
age-related-macular-degeneration, 2021.
[Axt21] Beth Axtell. What is retinitis pigmentosa? https://www.webmd.
com/eye-health/what-is-retinitis-pigmentosa, 2021.
[Bas08] Allan I Basbaum. In The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference, 1st
edition. 2008.
[BGP+09] A Banarji, VS Gurunadh, S Patyal, TS Ahluwalia, DP Vats, and
M Bhadauria. Visual prosthesis: Artificial vision. Medical Journal
Armed Forces India, 2009.
[Bio15] Visual processing for the bionic eye. https://research.csiro.
au/data61/bionic-eye/, 2015.
[Bre18] Kristine Brennan. Retinal prostheses: A second chance for
eyes? https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/
retinal-prostheses-a-second-chance-for-eyes, 2018.
[BYK+17] D Bourne, Li Y, C Komatsu, MR Miller, EH Davidson, L He,
IA Rosner, H Tang, W Chen, MG Solari, JS Schuman, and
KM Washington. Whole-eye transplantation: a look into the past
and vision for the future. Eye, 2017.
[ByRK03] Paul Bach-y Rita and Stephen W Kercel. Sensory substitution and
the human-machine interface. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol.
, 2003.
[CHM] About chm. https://www.curechm.org/.
[Cho] Choroideremia. https://us.optelec.com/eyeconditions/
choroideremia.html.
[Cho15] Choroideremia. https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/
choroideremia/, 2015.
[DGMS16] Deniz Dalkara, Olivier Goureau, Katia Marazova, and Jose-Alain
Sahel. Let there be light: Gene and cell therapy for blindness.
Human Gene Therapy, Vol. 27, 2016.
[Dia] Diabetic retinopathy. https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/
eye-and-vision-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy?sso=.
[Dia21] Diabetic retinopathy. https://www.mayoclinic.
org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/
symptoms-causes/syc-20371611, 2021.
[dL19] Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne. Optic nerve stimulation to aid the blind. https://medicalxpress.com/news/
-08-optic-nerve-aid.html, 2019.
[DLR+20] Jessie D Dorn, Seung Woo Lee, Sang Baek Ryu, Angelique C.
Paulk, Jimmy C. Yang, Mehran Ganji, Shadi A. Dayeh, Sydney S. Cash, Shelley I. Fried, Eduardo Fernandez, Yan Tat
Wong, Jeffrey Rosenfeld, Arthur Lowery, Tetsuya Yagi, and
Philip R. Troyk. Recent advances in cortical visual prostheses. https://embc.embs.org/2020/wp-content/uploads/
sites/57/2020/02/0012_mini_s.pdf, 2020.
[EHSB14] Thomas Euler, Silke Haverkamp, Timm Schubert, and Tom Baden.
Retinal bipolar cells: elementary building blocks of vision. Nature
Reviews Neuroscience, 2014.
[FAA+18] Mohsen Farvardin, Mehrdad Afarid, Adel Attarzadeh, Mohammad K Johari, Morsal Mehryar, M. Hossein Nowroozzadeh, Feisal
Rahat, Hossein Peyvandi, Reza Farvardin, and Mohammad Nami.
The argus-ii retinal prosthesis implantation; from the global to local successful experience. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2018.
[GA15] David M Gamm and Daniel M Albert. Optic nerve. https://www.
britannica.com/science/optic-nerve, 2015.
[Gla15] What is glaucoma? testing and treatment. https://www.
eyecarels.com/glaucoma/, 2015.
[Hor16] Horizontal cells. https://psych.athabascau.ca/html/
Psych289/Biotutorials/14/horiz.shtml, 2016.
[JGD+18] Zi-Bing Jin, Mei-Ling Gao, Wen-Li Deng, Kun-Chao Wu, Sunao
Sugita, Michiko Mandai, and Masayo Takahashi. Stemming retinal
regeneration with pluripotent stem cells. Progress in Retinal and
Eye Research, 2018.
[JLEP+20] Crescent Jicol, Tayfun Lloyd-Esenkaya, Michael J Proulx, Simon
Lange-Smith, Meike Scheller, Eamonn O’Neill, and Karin Petrini.
Efficiency of sensory substitution devices alone and in combination with self-motion for spatial navigation in sighted and visually
impaired. Frontiers in Psychology, 2020.
[KR15] Jacek Krol and Botond Roska. Rods feed cones to keep them alive.
Cell, 2015.
[LAG+16] Philip M Lewis, Lauren N Ayton, Robyn H Guymer, Arthur J Lowery, Peter J Blamey, Penelope J Allen, Chi D Luu, and Jeffrey V
Rosenfeld. Advances in implantable bionic devices for blindness: a
review. ANZ Journal of Surgery, 2016.
[LCAa] Leber congenital amaurosis. https://medlineplus.gov/
genetics/condition/leber-congenital-amaurosis/.
[LCAb] Leber congenital amaurosis (lca). https://www.ucsfhealth.org/
conditions/leber-congenital-amaurosis-lca.
[LCAc] Leber congenital amaurosis (lca) diagnosis. https://www.
ucsfhealth.org/Conditions/LeberCongenitalAmaurosisLCA/
Diagnosis.
[LdC16] Yvonne Hsu-Lin Luo and Lyndon da Cruz. The argus ii retinal
prosthesis system. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 2016.
[Lux17] Fda approves novel gene therapy to treat patients
with a rare form of inherited vision loss. https:
//www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/
fda-approves-novel-gene-therapy-treat-patients-rare-form-inherited-vision-loss,
[MHA+14] Shachar Maidenbaum, Shlomi Hanassy, Sami Abboud, Galit Buchs,
Daniel-Robert Chebat, Shelly Levy-Tzedek, and Amir Amedi. The
“eyecane”, a new electronic travel aid for the blind: Technology, behavior and swift learning. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience
- Volume 32, 2014.
[MM15] Robert S Molday and Olson L Moritz. Photoreceptors at a glance.
Journal of Cell Science, 2015.
[Mod] Dimple Modi. Diabetic retinopathy review. https://www.
carlinvision.com/retinal-services/.
[MSZ10] SP Medvedev, AI Shevchenko, and SM Zakian. Induced pluripotent stem cells: Problems and advantages when applying them in
regenerative medicine. Acta Naturae, 2010.
[Mul17] Emily Mullin. Blind patients to test bionic eye brain implants.
https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/09/18/149107/
blind-patients-to-test-bionic-eye-brain-implants/, 2017.
[NTR+16] Hieu T Nguyen, Siva M Tangutooru, Corey M Rountree, Andrew
J. Kantzos Kantzos, Faris Tarlochan, W. Jong Yoon, and John B
Troy. Thalamic visual prosthesis. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2016.
[ORGS+17] Patrick Ovando-Roche, Anastasios Georgiadid, Alexander J Smith,
Rachel A Pearson, and Robin R Ali. Harnessing the potential of
human pluripotent stem cells and gene editing for the treatment of
retinal degeneration. Current Stem Cell Reports, 2017.
[PAF+01] D Purves, GJ Augustine, D Fitzpatric, LC Katz, AS LaMantia,
and JO McNamara. The retina. In Neuroscience, 2nd edition.
[RGC14] Retinal ganglion cell. https://www.imaios.com/en/e-Anatomy/
Anatomical-Parts/Retinal-ganglion-cell, 2014.
[RP19] Retinitis pigmentosa. https://www.nei.nih.gov/
learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/
retinitis-pigmentosa, 2019.
[RPi16] Retinitis pigmentosa. https://www.kubotaholdings.co.jp/en/
diseases/rp/index.html, 2016.
[RS18] Botond Roska and Jos´e-Alain Sahel. Restoring vision. Nature,
[Sas12] Yoshiki Sasai. Grow your own eye, 2012.
[SFBA16] Tiago F Santos-Ferreira, Oliver Borsc, and Marius Ader. Rebuilding the missing part-a review on photoreceptor transplantation.
Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 2016.
[Smi14] Dana Smith. Blind sight: The next generation of sensory substitution technology. https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/
blind-sight-the-next-generation-of-sensory-substitution-technology,
[SS15] Noelle RB Stiles and Shinsuke Shimojo. Auditory sensory substitution is intuitive and automatic with texture stimuli. Scientific
Reports, 2015.
[STG21] Stargardt disease. https://www.nei.nih.gov/
learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/
stargardt-disease#section-id-1353, 2021.
[WG16] Jin Wan and Daniel Goldman. Retina regeneration in zebrafish.
Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 2016.
Downloads
Posted
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Anjali Yamasani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The copyright holder for this article has granted JSR.org a license to display the article in perpetuity.
