Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and Their Therapeutic Potential on Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in dopamine depletion and a spectrum of motor and non-motor symptoms in patients. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have garnered attention for their therapeutic potential across various diseases. They can differentiate into various cell types, including dopaminergic cells, and secrete neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory factors with robust neuroprotective properties. In PD, midbrain dopaminergic neurons express miR-133b, a crucial regulator of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter synthesis. MSCs facilitate interactions with brain parenchymal cells by transferring miR-133b via exosomes, promoting neurite outgrowth and functional recovery. Notably, studies have demonstrated elevated dopamine levels and its metabolites in the striatum of PD rats following treatment with these exosomes. This review examines mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, their unique attributes, and their potential as a promising therapeutic avenue for PD.