Waterborne Diseases and Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS) Techniques: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v14i1.8722Keywords:
Waterborne Diseases, HWTSAbstract
Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of death in low- and middle-income countries where houses do not have access to a safe drinking water source. Many of these diarrheal diseases are caused by waterborne diseases transferred to their host through fecally contaminated water. The implementation of household water treatment techniques such as chlorination, filtration, and UV radiation serve as temporary solutions to decontaminate drinking water for households that do not have access to a safe water source. These solutions coupled with safe storage practices – can aid in the reduction of diarrheal diseases, especially in low and middle-income countries. This paper aims to describe these temporary techniques and certain water-transmitted diseases to provide more insight into these systems.
Downloads
References or Bibliography
Akosile, S.; Ajibade, F.; Lasisi, K.; Ajibade, T.; Adewumi, J.; Babatola, J.; Oguntuase, A. Performance Evaluation of Locally Produced Ceramic Filters for Household Water Treatment in Nigeria. Scientific African 2020, 7 (218).
Bouzid, M.; Kintz, E.; Hunter, P. Risk Factors for Cryptosporidium Infection in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Plos Neglected Tropical Disease 2018.
Cabral, J. Water Microbiology. Bacterial Pathogens and Water. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2024, 7 (10), 3657–3703.
Castro, G. Medical Microbiology, 4th ed.; Baron, S., Ed.; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston: Galveston, Texas, 1996.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Household Water Treatment. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/global-water-sanitation-hygiene/about/about-household-water-treatment.html (accessed 2024-08-07).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Safe Water Storage. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/global-water-sanitation-hygiene/about/about-safe-water-storage.html (accessed 2024-08-07).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cryptosporidiosis. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/cryptosporidiosis/index.html (accessed 2024-08-07).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Household Water Treatment Options in Developing Countries: CDC Ceramic Filtration. https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/CDC%202008.%20Ceramic%20filtration.pdf (accessed 2024-08-07).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Serotypes and the Importance of Serotyping Salmonella | Salmonella Atlas | Reports and Publications | Salmonella. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/reportspubs/salmonella-atlas/serotyping-importance.html (accessed 2024-08-07).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Water Treatment Options When Hiking, Camping or Traveling | Drinking Water | Healthy Water. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/travel/index.html (accessed 2024-08-07).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; USAID from the American People. Household Water Treatment Options in Developing Countries: Boiling.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; USAID From the American People. Household Water Treatment Options in Developing Countries: Filtration & Chlorination Systems. https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/CDC%20USAID%202009%20Filtration%20and%20Chlorination.pdf (accessed 2024-08-07).
Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology. Boiling. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS). https://www.hwts.info/products-technologies/819dad5c/boiling/technical-information (accessed 2024-08-07).
Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology. Ceramic Pot Filter. Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology. https://www.hwts.info/products-technologies/d25e3821/ceramic-pot-filter/technical-information (accessed 2024-08-07).
Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology. Chlorine (Sodium Hypochlorite). Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology. https://www.hwts.info/products-technologies/4c1aeb66/chlorine-sodium-hypochlorite/technical-information (accessed 2024-08-07).
Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology. Solar Disinfection (SODIS). Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology. https://www.hwts.info/products-technologies/a01550ee/solar-disinfection-sodis/technical-information (accessed 2024-08-07).
Clasen, T. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage to Prevent Diarrheal Disease in Developing Countries. Water and Health 2015, 2, 69–74.
Clasen, T.; McLaughlin, C.; Nayaar, N.; Boisson, S.; Gupta, R.; Desai, D.; Shah, N. Microbiological Effectiveness and Cost of Disinfecting Water by Boiling in Semi-Urban India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008, 79 (3), 407–413.
Cleveland Clinic. Bacteria. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24494-bacteria (accessed 2024-08-07).
Cleveland Clinic. Viruses: Definition, Types, Characteristics & Facts. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24861-virus (accessed 2024-08-07).
Crawford, S.; Ramani, S.; Tate, J.; Parashar, U.; Svensson, L.; Hagbom, M.; Franco, M.; Greenberg, H.; O’Ryan, M.; Kang, G.; Desselberger, U.; Estes, M. Rotavirus Infection. Nature Reviews | Disease Primers 2017, 3 (17083).
Dall, C. WHO: Cholera Cases More than Doubled in 2022. University of Minnesota. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cholera/who-cholera-cases-more-doubled-2022 (accessed 2024-08-07).
Dangol, B.; Spuhler, D. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS). Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox. https://sswm.info/sswm-solutions-bop-markets/affordable-wash-services-and-products/affordable-water-supply/household-water-treatment-and-safe-storage-%28hwts%29 (accessed 2024-08-07).
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Disease Factsheet about Rotavirus. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/rotavirus-infection/facts (accessed 2024-08-07).
Faruque, S.; Albert, M.; Mekalanos, J. Epidemiology, Genetics, and Ecology of Toxigenic Vibrio Cholerae. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 1998, 62 (4).
Gall, A.; Mariñas, B.; Lu, Y.; Shisler, J. Waterborne Viruses: A Barrier to Safe Drinking Water. PLoS Pathogens 2015, 11 (6).
García-Gil, Á.; García-Muñoz, R.; McGuigan, K.; Marugán, J. Solar Water Disinfection to Produce Safe Drinking Water: A Review of Parameters, Enhancements, and Modelling Approaches to Make SODIS Faster and Safer. Molecules 2021, 6 (11).
Hunter, P.; Hadfield, S.; Wilkinson, D.; Lake, I.; Harrison, F.; Chalmers, R. Correlation between Subtypes of Cryptosporidium Parvum in Humans and Risk. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2007, 13 (1), 82–88.
LeClair, C.; McConnell, K. Rotavirus. StatPearls 2024.
Lopez, A.; Gonzales, M.; Aldaba, J.; Nair, G. Killed Oral Cholera Vaccines: History, Development and Implementation Challenges. Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines 2014, 2 (5), 123–136.
Luzi, S.; Tobler, M.; Suter, F.; Meierhofer, R. SODIS Manual: Guidance on Solar Water Disinfection; Eawag: Dübendorf, Switzerland, 2016.
Marshall, M.; Naumovitz, D.; Oretega, Y.; Sterling, C. Waterborne Protozoan Pathogens. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1997, 10 (1), 67–85.
Microbiology Society. Protozoa. Microbiology Society. https://microbiologysociety.org/why-microbiology-matters/what-is-microbiology/protozoa.html (accessed 2024-08-07).
Minnesota Department of Health. Causes and Symptoms of Waterborne Illness. Minnesota Department of Health. https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/waterborne/basics.html#NaN (accessed 2024-08-07).
Minnesota Department of Health. Escherichia coli (E. coli). Minnesota Department of Health. https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/ecoli/index.html (accessed 2024-08-07).
New York State Department of Health. Boil Water Response- Information for the Public Health Professional. New York State Department of Health. https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/boilwater/response_information_public_health_professional.htm (accessed 2024-08-07).
Odonkor, S.; Ampofo, J. Escherichia Coli as an Indicator of Bacteriological Quality of Water: An Overview. Microbiology Research 2013 2013, 4 (2), 5–11.
Olson, M. Human and Animal Pathogens in Manure. 2001.
Pelczar, R.; Pelczar, M. Protozoa. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/microbiology/Protozoa (accessed 2024-08-07).
Pindyck, T.; Gutelius, B.; Mintz, E. Cholera. CDC. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/cholera (accessed 2024-08-07).
Ramírez-Castillo, F.; Loera-Muro, A.; Jacques, M.; Garneau, P.; Avelar-González, F.; Harel, J.; Guerrero-Barrera, A. Waterborne Pathogens: Detection Methods and Challenges. Pathogens 2015, 4 (2), 307–334.
Reidl, J.; Klose, K. Vibrio Cholerae and Cholera: Out of the Water and into the Host. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2002, 26 (2), 125–139.
Sandec: Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries; eawag: aquatic research. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS); 2005.
Sedas, V. Influence of Environmental Factors on the Presence of Vibrio Cholerae in the Marine Environment: A Climate Link. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 2007, 224–241.
Shrestha, L.; Dangol, B.; Spuhler, D. Colloidal Silver Filter. Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox. https://sswm.info/sswm-solutions-bop-markets/affordable-wash-services-and-products/affordable-water-supply/colloidal-silver-filter (accessed 2024-08-07).
United Nations. Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All. Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/ (accessed 2024-08-07).
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund; World Health Organization. Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000-2017, Special focus on inequalities.; United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization: New York, 2019.
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Cholera Is Endangering Children Globally. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/stories/cholera-is-endangering-children-globally (accessed 2024-08-07).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Kinds of E. coli | E. coli Infection. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/about/kinds-of-ecoli.html (accessed 2024-08-07).
Water Quality Association. Bacteria & Virus. Water Quality Association. https://wqa.org/resources/bacteria-virus/ (accessed 2024-08-07).
Water Science School. Bacteria and E. Coli in Water. US Geological Survey. https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/bacteria-and-e-coli-water (accessed 2024-08-07).
World Health Organization. Cholera. World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera (accessed 2024-08-07).
World Health Organization. Drinking-water. World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water (accessed 2024-08-07).
World Health Organization. Rotavirus. World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/rotavirus (accessed 2024-08-07).
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Madeline Jones; Julia Harrison
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright holder(s) granted JSR a perpetual, non-exclusive license to distriute & display this article.
