Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a rapidly growing global health issue, with over 537 million adults affected and projections indicating an increase to over 643 million by 2030. This paper explores the multifaceted impact of T2DM, focusing on the progression to microvascular and macrovascular complications, including retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease. These complications arise from atherosclerosis which can be caused by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, which leads to extensive damage to blood vessels and nerves. Preventive strategies and early intervention are crucial for managing T2DM and mitigating its associated risks. This paper discusses the importance of lifestyle modifications as foundational elements in controlling blood glucose levels and preventing complications. It also reviews current pharmacological treatments, including metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists, as well as emerging therapies targeting AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to enhance insulin sensitivity and metabolic control. Early detection through regular screenings and diagnostics, alongside a comprehensive management plan, is vital for slowing disease progression and improving patient outcomes. The integration of preventive measures, innovative treatments, and vigilant monitoring offers a promising pathway to reduce the burden of T2DM and enhance the quality of life for affected individuals.