The Colors of Goodfellas

How Martin Scorsese Uses Color to Convey Theme in Goodfellas

Authors

  • Sebastian Street Singapore American School
  • Mare Stewart Singapore American School

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v13i3.7414

Keywords:

Film Studies, Color Theory, Hue, Saturation, Brightness, Goodfellas

Abstract

This paper analyzes how Martin Scorsese uses color to convey themes in his narrative feature film Goodfellas. Each scene in the film was thematically coded; the four most prevalent themes were chosen: family, brutality, violence, and money. Color data was then collected from frames taken from the middle of each scene; the researcher used these findings to draw conclusions on Scorsese’s color choices in scenes for each theme. It was found that Scorsese used a high prevalence of earth-based colors to convey primal themes like family and brutality; he used a high prevalence of red, orange, and purple to convey aggression and raise audience tension. Additionally, Scorsese employed a dark and desaturated look to communicate dark themes like brutality, though saturation was raised to highlight certain visual elements. These findings hold important implications to fans of the movie Goodfellas, academics within the field of film studies, and filmmakers looking to better understand filmmaking. It is the researcher’s strong recommendation that other films directed by Scorsese be put under analysis, possibly using better technology, in an effort to more deeply understand how Scorsese uses color to convey theme across his films and how his color choices have evolved across his illustrious career.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Mare Stewart, Singapore American School

Quest Program, Research Advisor & Teacher for AT English: Research & Composition and AT Society, Governance, and Civic Action

References or Bibliography

Ambrogi, P. (2018). Color Grading: Influences and Differences Between Cinema and Advertisement. Instituto Politénico de Lisboa Escola Superior de Teatro E Cinema, 9(18). Repositório Científico. https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstream/10400.21/9173/1/relatorio_est_Paride_Ambrogi.pdf

Ammer, S. (2020). Content Analysis of Lighting and Color in the Embodiment of Fear Concept in Horror Movies: A Semiotic Approach. Information Sciences Letters, 9(2), 135–142. Naturals Publishing. https://doi.org/10.18576/isl/090210

Anderson, W. (Director). (2014, March 20). The Grand Budapest Hotel [Digital Video]. 20th Century Studios.

Archibugi, D., Ampollini, I., Basili, C., Bucchi, M., Castellani, T., Palomba, R., Reale, E., Taraborrelli, A., Trench, B., Valente, A., & Local Scientific Committee. (2015). Responsible Research and Innovation Guidelines. In Eurpoean Commission. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/documents/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5a2f4838b&appId=PPGMS

Arenas, L. M., Troscianko, J., & Stevens, M. (2014). Color contrast and stability as key elements for effective warning signals. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2, Abstract. frontiers. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2014.00025

Ball, W. (1995). A Sense of Direction : Some Observations on the Art of Directing. Drama Publishers, An Imprint Of Quite Specific Media Group Ltd.

Bellantoni, P. (2005). If it’s purple, someone’s gonna die : the power of color in visual storytelling for film. Focal Press.

Bentley, I. M. (1903). The Simplicity of Color Tones. The American Journal of Psychology, 14(1), 92–95. JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/1412219

Braun, C. C., Mine, P. B., & Clayton Silver, N. (1995). The influence of color on warning label perceptions. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 15(3), Abstract. Science Direct. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8141(94)00036-3

Camgöz, N., Yener, C., & Güvenç, D. (2002). Effects of hue, saturation, and brightness on preference. Color Research & Application, 27(3), 1–24. ProQuest. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.10051

Chateau, D., & Casetti, F. (2011). Subjectivity : Filmic Representation and the Spectator’s Experience (pp. 53–66). Amsterdam University Press, Cop. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.6812474.8

Cinco, S. J. (2019). The Power of a Hue: Color Grading in Film. Leuphana Graduate School: Public Economics, Law, and Politics. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61134334/Final_Paper_KC_Cinco__Samantha_Joy_20191105-45212-a8jhkm-libre.pdf?1572986257=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Power_of_a_Hue_Color_Grading_in_Film.pdf&Expires=1700986203&Signature=bPVZjF9g7BUyQbkUPdWB~nm2GPeUI0-EVzrX7XB5Ahmo6OD-PSYgUBR31xUj31OQS5nPAs0d7r7D8NEuJg6Gg82gr0Lpl8lUHm82qFqPsu5ryW00RGRMUSjwlWxTH1cqkecTHtGnSSQ31~HZ6kH9ttcLoBVJFDO3rZM1DgUc1bY1396kBukfLLAyluW-aRGmrFVDEd-oIEDiOvQusdqMekYByhPgO1NW3UdWCPhQZ8nM~5qnUCNQqsihSqfcTbNCBrkbK4Pijr2JrmnB51-c28bzUNk6OHT64bxkvASXGTJnTd9Z7kW0Qs28F4PsMoVOkq4UaSoh9F7VndAD1F6qVw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

Clarke, T., & Costall, A. (2008). The emotional connotations of color: A qualitative investigation. Color Research & Application, 33(5), 406–410. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.20435

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed., pp. 179–213). SAGE Publications.

Ender, E., Akdeniz, N. S., & Zencirkiran, M. (2016). Colors and Landscape. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University, 30(Special Issue, 669-676), 1–8. Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Murat-Zencirkiran/publication/337890335_Colors_and_Landscape_Journal_of_Agriculture_Faculty_of_Uludag_University-Ziraat_Fakultesi_DergisiUludag_Universitesi/links/5df0dd9092851c836473db4e/Colors-and-Landscape-Journal-of-Agriculture-Faculty-of-Uludag-University-Ziraat-Fakueltesi-Dergisi-Uludag-Ueniversitesi.pdf

Flockhart, T., & Korosteleva, E. A. (2022). War in Ukraine: Putin and the multi-order World. Contemporary Security Policy, 43(3), Abstract. Taylor & Francis Online. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2022.2091591

Gibbs, J. (2002). Mise-en-scene : Film Style and Interpretation (pp. 5–25). Wallflower. https://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&lr=&id=j4dqY_phZlEC&oi=fnd&pg=PP11&dq=mise+en+scene&ots=TbIWnQ3xjM&sig=V3GmgB0rImKbHQC4Lwqffy1rdRM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=mise%20en%20scene&f=false

Higgins, S. (2022). Scott Higgins, Associate Professor of Film Studies [Digital Video]. In Wesleyan University. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGRoUszUkxI

Holubová, T. (2022). Repulsive but Delicious: Challenging the Clichés in Horror Films. Aalto University School of Arts, Design, and Architecture Master’s Degree Program in Visual Cultures, Curating, and Contemporary Art. https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstreams/a5ab6d3c-504f-46d3-bf5e-4a2da1c431d7/download

Huang, S.-M. (2005). A Study of Hue Identification in the Hue Circle of the Hsb Color Space. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100(3), Abstract. Sage Journals. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.3c.1143-1154

James Kenney, N. (2022). True Tone: Color Grading’s Place in Nonfiction Filmmaking. Montana State University: Department of Science and Natural History Filmmaking. Montana State University Library. https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/17591

Kévin Bideaux. (2021). Is white skin really pink? Flesh color as a pink color in Western art and culture. HAL Open Science. Hal.Science. https://hal.science/hal-03445903/document

Kirschmann, A. (1896). Color-Saturation and Its Quantitative Relations. The American Journal of Psychology, 7(3), 386. JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/1411388

Kosner, A. W. (2014, October 6). Fincher’s Gone Girl Is A Runaway Hit, Adobe’s Premiere Set It Free. Forbes; Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosner/2014/10/06/finchers-gone-girls-is-a-runaway-hit-adobes-premiere-set-it-free/?sh=708330fd298e

Kubrick, S. (Director). (1968, April 2). 2001: A Space Odyssey [Film]. Warner Brothers.

Kubrick, S. (Director). (1999, September 3). Eyes Wide Shut [Digital Video]. Warner Brothers.

Lathrop, G., & Sutton, D. (2014). Elements of mise-en-scene. https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/latinxscreens/files/2021/02/Elements-of-mise-en-scene-G.-Lathrop-and-D.-Sutton.pdf

Lynch, D. (Director). (1986, September 19). Blue Velvet [Film]. Paramount Pictures.

Magrin-Chagnolleau, I. (2021). The Use of Color in Theater and Film. HAL Science. HAL Open Science. https://hal.science/hal-03328903/file/THE%20USE%20OF%20COLOR%20IN%20THEATER%20AND%20FILM.pdf

McQueen, S., Ramsay, L., Guadagnino, L., Miike, T., Aster, A., Allen, W., Ferrara, A., Wright, E., Morley, C., Macdonald, K., Burton, T., Reichardt, K., & Coppola, F. F. (2022, November 11). Martin Scorsese at 80: Francis Ford Coppola, Steve McQueen and Woody Allen on the “greatest director alive.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/nov/11/martin-scorsese-at-80-francis-ford-coppola-steve-mcqueen-woody-allen-greatest-director-alive

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (4th ed., pp. 295–297). Jossey-Bass, Cop.

Miller, T., Coen, E., & Coen, J. (2016). Editing Insights from Hail, Caesar! and Deadpool | Adobe Creative Cloud [Video]. In www.youtube.com. Adobe. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpgqFa4wIqc

Nelmes, J. (2007). An Introduction to Film Studies (5th ed.). Routledge. https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780203824139&type=googlepdf

Netflix. (n.d.). What is Netflix? Netflix; Netflix. Retrieved March 17, 2024, from https://help.netflix.com/en/node/412

Oxford Languages. (2024). Brutality. In Oxford Languages Dictionary.

Park, M. (2018). The Aesthetics and Psychology Behind Horror Films. Long Island University Undergraduate Honors College Theses. Long Island University Digital Commons @ LIU. https://digitalcommons.liu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=post_honors_theses

Prasetyaningsih, S. (2019). Creative Editing in Documentary Film. Science and Technology Publications, 265–271. ICoSEEH. https://repository.uir.ac.id/18757/1/Implementation%20of%20Legal%20Protection%20for%20Journalists.pdf

Rasheed, Z., & Shah, M. A. (2003). Scene detection in Hollywood movies and TV shows. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. IEEE Explore. https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211489

Sain, J. (2021). To What Extent is the Quantity of Red in The Shining and American Beauty Associated with the Perceived Intensity of Emotion? SAS at Research and Composition (Quest) Program. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XjMhpiFPNV3YvTLJn2PdLQY3Uat2olGH/view

Scheff, T. J. (2003). Male Emotions/Relationships and Violence: A Case Study. Human Relations, 56(6), Abstract. Sage Journals. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267030566005

Scorsese, M. (Director). (1990, September 9). Goodfellas. Warner Brothers Pictures.

Scorsese, M. (2017). Martin Scorsese Masterclass: Beginnings [Digital Video]. In MasterClass. https://www.masterclass.com/classes/martin-scorsese-teaches-filmmaking/chapters/ms-beginnings

Shackelford, L. W. (2023). THE DIRECTOR (Vols. 1 & 2).

Sharma, R. (2019). The family and family structure classification redefined for the current times. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 2(4), 306. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.123774

StudioBinder. (2016). How to Use Color in Film: 50+ Examples of Movie Color Palettes. StudioBinder Inc. https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/e-books/how-to-use-color-in-film-free-ebook/#tve-jump-181f0594389

StudioBinder. (2020, September 13). What is Mise en Scène in Film: Definition and Examples. StudioBinder.com; StudioBinder. https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/mise-en-scene/

Technicolor. (2024). Legacy - Technicolor Creative Studios - Over 100 years of history. TechnicolorCreative.com; Technicolor Creative. https://www.technicolorcreative.com/about/legacy/?timeline=1915+Technicolor+is+born

Vebrianto, R., & Pratama, J. (2023). Exploratory Study and Analysis on Color Grading Technique for Horror Short Movie. International Journal of Information System & Technology, 6(5), 603–612. IJISTECH. https://ijistech.org/ijistech/index.php/ijistech/article/view/277

Vreeland, A. V. (2015). Color Theory and Social Structure in the Films of Wes Anderson. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 6(2), 35–44. Elon University: School of Communications. https://www.inquiriesjournal.com/article-images/j3/i71/original.pdf

Williams, M., & Moser, T. (2019). The Art of Coding and Thematic Exploration in Qualitative Research . International Management Review , 15(1).

Published

08-31-2024

How to Cite

Street, S., & Stewart, M. (2024). The Colors of Goodfellas: How Martin Scorsese Uses Color to Convey Theme in Goodfellas. Journal of Student Research, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v13i3.7414

Issue

Section

HS Research Articles