Type 2 Diabetes: Molecular mechanism, Understanding and Prevention

Abstract

Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects millions of people worldwide, with significant implications for individuals, families, and society at large. It is a leading cause of death, disability, and healthcare costs, with serious complications such as blindness, kidney disease, nerve damage, and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, the prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally, highlighting the need for effective prevention and management strategies. This increase in prevalence is due to various factors such as changes in diet, sedentary lifestyles, and an aging population. Additionally, there are social determinants of health, such as poverty and inequality, that disproportionately affect vulnerable populations and contribute to the diabetes burden. This research aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the importance of diabetes by situating it in a larger context, defining the condition, and exploring its impact on day-to-day lives. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in a lack of insulin production. On the other hand, Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells become less responsive to insulin. The prevention of Type 1 diabetes involves reducing exposure to environmental triggers and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. In contrast, the prevention of Type 2 diabetes involves lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, as well as medication management. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes involve complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, leading to dysfunction in insulin secretion and insulin action pathways.  Situating diabetes in a larger context also involves understanding the economic impact of the disease. The costs associated with diabetes are significant, including direct costs such as medical expenses and indirect costs such as loss of productivity and decreased quality of life. These costs place a considerable burden on healthcare systems, governments, and individuals.